Abstract: IR 4.0 emphasizes the interconnection of machines and systems to achieve optimal performance and productivity gains. IR 5.0 is said to take it a step further by fine-tuning the human-machine connection. IR 5.0 is more collaboration between the two: automated technology's ultra-fast accuracy combines with a human's intelligence and creativity. The driving force behind IR 5.0 is customer demand for customization and personalization, necessitating a greater human involvement in the production process. As IR 5.0 evolves, we may expect to see a slew of breakthroughs across various industries. However, just automating jobs or digitizing processes will not be enough; the finest and most successful businesses will be those that can combine the dual powers of technology and human ingenuity. IR 5.0 focuses on the use of modern cutting-edge technologies, namely, AI, IoT, big data, cloud computing, Blockchain, Digital twins, edge computing, collaborative robots, and 6G along with leveraging human creativity and intelligence. Wherever possible, IR 5.0 will change industrial processes worldwide by removing mundane, filthy, and repetitive activities from human workers. Intelligent robotics and systems will have unparalleled access to industrial supply networks and production floors. However, to understand and leverage the benefits of IR 5.0 better, there is a need to understand the role of modern CET in industrial revolution 5.0. To fill this gap, this article will examine IR 5.0 prospective, uses, supporting technologies, opportunities, and issues involved that need to be understood for leveraging the potentials of IR 5.0.
Below, we lay out these considerations for all 14 technology trends, so that you can better understand them and consider how they relate to your organization. At the bottom of this page, you can download detailed profiles of all these trends or download a customized PDF containing profiles of the trends you choose.
Robotics (Cutting-Edge Technology) download pdf
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Hereafter, a discussion of ethics and traditional robotics is offered to provide relevant context. This is followed by an overview of neurorobotics, supported by a discussion of prototypical application areas for the technology. The article then presents analyses of several associated ethical and social concerns, followed by more detailed discussions of dual-use concerns, issues stemming from academia-industry collaboration, and data governance. The conclusion returns to the question of how RRI can help address these concerns.
Many of the considered issues are closely linked to the development of meaningful decisional autonomy for real robots, which is to a large extent caused by developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI), and its application to robotics. Ethical implications of AI are thus of direct relevance to this conversation. However, the purpose of this article is to look specifically at neurorobotics, a technology defined in the next section.
The information and communication technology (ICT) tools developed by the HBP were built specifically around these concepts of embodiment and closed-loop neuroscience. They may as such be envisioned to support the emergence of a new class of robots and, in the longer term, of neuro-technology and neuro-engineering approaches for prosthetic devices (Wagner et al. 2018). The particular nature of these tools, however, entails specific ethical issues, insofar as they support the use of neuroscientific knowledge as a means to an end, and make this process accessible (through open platforms and brain atlases), customisable (open source software), and amenable to automation (e.g. standardisation of data formats, use of knowledge graphs, etc.). Accordingly, it stands to reason that HBP-enabled neurorobotics should not limit itself to considering the ethical issues associated with potentially providing artificial devices with advanced or even human-like cognitive structures. It should also pay special heed to the possibility of human intentions and biases injecting themselves into this process.
The limited maturity of neurorobotic technology makes it difficult to assess which particular (anticipated) ethical issues may in time become prevalent. In addition, the manner in which such concerns relate to existing ethical issues commonly affiliated with traditional robotics is not entirely transparent. To make this discussion more concrete, the discussion hereafter focuses on a number of application areas, the narrower focus lending itself to a more detailed ethical analysis.
In addition, as neurorobotics aims to improve the capabilities of existing robotic systems and, as a consequence, extend the use made of robotics and automation technology, some of the existing concerns can be exacerbated. This is particularly the case for those application areas that stand to directly benefit from advances brought about by neurorobotics, such as those discussed earlier.
In practice, the RRI programme of the HBP is implemented by four work packages that focus on technology foresight (Aicardi et al. 2018), philosophical and neuroethical reflection (Salles et al. 2019), public engagement, and ethics support (Stahl et al. 2016). Ethics Support uses an approach of ethics dialogues to implement RRI (Stahl et al. 2019). As part of the ethics-related work of the RRI programme, the scholars in the programme collaborate with colleagues from the scientific and technical disciplines to identify and address ethical challenges. This article is the result of an engagement that brought together researchers in neurorobotics with members of the RRI group.
The work of the HBP Ethics and Society division (Ethics & Society 2018) has identified several limitations and ambiguities in the EU approach. First, it is based on a civil-military use dichotomy, which fits an outdated, historical understanding of the dual use concept (see e.g. Molas-Gallart 1997) that over time has been expanded to refer to research and technology that can be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes in a broader sense (e.g. Ienca et al. 2018; Oltmann 2015). To highlight this broader range of potentially beneficial and harmful uses of neuroscience, HBP partners have explored other types of applications, for example, political, security and intelligence (Mahfoud et al. 2018). Second, the EU definitions of dual-use quoted above (based on the EU export control regulations), focus on items, goods, and technologies. However, in science project such as the HBP, a lot of research and development is still at an early stage (which is also the case for neurorobotics) i.e. well before potential uses have crystallised and the export of goods, items and technologies can be considered. The RRI approach pursued in the HBP allows us to facilitate early anticipation and reflection on potential uses, develop ways to support responsible use and avoid misuse.
As outlined earlier, neurorobotics is emerging at the confluence of neuroscience and robotics, with the potential for a wide array of industrial, medical and healthcare applications. It, therefore, attracts interest from prospective partnerships between public research and industry. In the European Union and European countries, cooperation and transfer of knowledge and technology between public research and industry are seen as key to delivering research and innovation for economic growth and societal impact. For all their expected benefits, these partnerships face recurring barriers that can lead to problematic consequences, and that raise significant ethical and social concerns which reflect broad issues common to research areas with such high application potential as neurorobotics.
This article addresses the question of which social and ethical issues are raised by neurorobotics. By clarifying the concept and specific application areas, the article provides insights into the potential capabilities of neurorobotics, and on the specific impact, this emerging technology may have on our everyday lives. A critical insight arising from the analysis presented is that ethical issues related to neurorobotics are neither radically novel nor surprising. The various ethical considerations discussed in this article are generally rather well established in the literature. Nevertheless, it is apparent that neurorobotics may raise or exacerbate concerns, such as those related to worker safety, systems reliability, or the introduction of unconscious biases.
The Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems (JINT) publishes original, peer-reviewed, invited, survey and review papers. These papers promote and disseminate scientific knowledge and information in the fields of system of systems, generalized system theory, distributed intelligent systems, bioengineering, robotics and automation, human-robot interaction, human-machine interfaces and interaction, robot ethics, social and service robotics, medical robotics, mechatronics, unmanned systems, multi-robot teams and networked swarms, machine intelligence, learning, system autonomy and autonomous systems, design for autonomy, cyber physical systems, and other related areas in which cutting edge technologies have been developed and applied to model, design, build and test complex engineering and autonomous systems.Every JINT issue includes a dedicated section devoted to Unmanned Systems with the aim to be at the forefront of reporting scientific breakthroughs in this highly expanding and challenging area. JINT offers a unique forum and advantage, second to none, because it encourages original contributions referring and related to: unmanned aviation airworthiness; unmanned aviation policies, procedures, and regulations; certification issues; operational constraints; UAS safety, security, and risk analysis assessment; UAS reliability; operational frequency management; legal, ethical and privacy issues, and technology standardization.JINT lays the foundation for a common framework for publication of ideas, derivation and testing of techniques that combine theory, science, engineering, and mathematics, leading to future innovations and novel technologies. The journal aims at bridging the gap between theory and practice, and intends to stimulate interaction between faculty, researchers, engineers and practitioners from academia, industry and government focusing on theoretical and applied research in all areas of intelligent systems and robotics. 2ff7e9595c
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